The Behaviorist and Cognitive Approaches to Psychology Essay -- Papers

The Behaviorist and Cognitive Approaches to Psychology In this essay I am going to explore two of the major approaches to Psychology, Cognitive theories and Behaviorist theories. I will discuss in some detail the two approaches, state how they compare and illustrate the similarities and the differences between them. John Watson, one of the founders of Behaviorism, based his theories on the principles of learning outlined by Pavlov who suggested the theory known as Classical Conditioning; he trained dogs to salivate whenever he rang a bell. Dogs have a natural reflex response to salivate when they see food, Pavlov rang a bell when the dogs were given food and after several repetitions of this action, the dogs began to salivate whenever they heard the bell, even when there was not any food there. This approach rejected the idea of the conscious mind. Albert Ellis & Aaron T Beck developed the present form of the Cognitive approach to psychology in the 1950’s. This development emerged from a growing dissatisfaction with the narrowness of the behaviorist approach as it neglects complex human activities such as planning and communication. Behaviorists emphasize the relationship between the environment surrounding a person and how it affects a person’s behavior. This approach has a tendency to ignore mental processes. Behaviorists believe that studying the brain is not ultimately the best or most effective way to understand behavior. A person might act oddly in one particular environment, but normal in others. Whilst cognitive psychologists agree with the behaviorist theory that the environment surrounding a person does have some inf... ...hey may be thinking or feeling, if focuses on what you can see not the emotions. It is difficult to measure the thinking or feeling of independence and the behaviour of others, as well as the expectations of others in any particular given situation, for example John Watson believed that given the right environment anybody could be made into anything. Sources of Information ====================== Psychology – A New Introduction by Richard Gross, Rob McIlveen, Hugh Coolicun, Alan Clamp and Julia Russell (Twelfth Edition) Hilgards Introduction to Psychology by Rita L Atkinson, Richard C Atkison, Edward G Smith, Daryl J Bern and Susan Nolen-Hoeksema (Second Edition) Basic Psychology by Henry Gleitman (First Edition) www.sntp.net/behaviourism.thml http://scs.une.edu.au/Materials/573/573_4.html

Worldwide Food Shortage

These new factors are related to economic systems, political issues, alternative energies and fuels or global warming and climate change. As we can read in an article by Lester Brown published in Scientific American Magazine, â€Å"one of the toughest things for people to do Is to anticipate sudden change. † (2009) This quote helps us understanding the crawls In countries affected by flooding or droughts. Other natural disasters hard to predict and having a substantial Impact on basic food production are earthquakes and tsunamis. These phenomenon's have the power to paralyze any agricultural activity among others.When these natural disasters affect countries with a poor economy, the situation is even worse as they do not have enough resources to recover and things are likely to become critical to the point where the population is affected by malnutrition and dies of hunger. Africa has been long known as the continent with the worst problems concerning food shortages In most of their countries, mainly due because of the hot temperatures causing severe uncontrollable droughts and water shortages. The situation in these countries has not only immediate implications on population, but also makes it very official for economies to develop.Unfortunately, because of the lack of food many diseases would easily spread and be difficult to overcome, since the countries are poor. To Illustrate the state of some African countries we will be citing a shocking affirmation published In an article by Marc Gunter, senior writer for Fortune Magazine: â€Å"The average American pet will consume more resources than the average African and have better medical care as well. † (2008) The same poor economical environment in countries of Central and South America had facilitated over the years, food shortages following either droughts or flooding.In 2001 for instance, a severe drought has compromised the crops across Central America. Countries like Honduras, Guatemala and E l Salvador have been seriously affected. (Taylor, 2002) These countries are predominately rural and produce grains and coffee for export. This is the other aspect of local food shortages: it can extend to affect other importing countries as well, forcing the increase in prices for some essential foods. As we could see so far in this analysis, droughts are not the only factors having the power to severely affect food production, but their opposite, flooding has the same vegetating erect. Entries all around ten world , In Europe, Salsa, Australia, ten Americas, they all have experienced food shortages due to flooding. A healthy production depends thus on balanced weather conditions. This might be however difficult to achieve, thinking that for centuries nature has been unpredictable, and it's getting worse due to global warming. An article published in Fortune Magazine presents the Pentagon's weather nightmare, global warming, as a surging problem, and predicts that a cooling in the N orthern Hemisphere will trigger longer and rasher winters in most European countries as well as in the United States.The same conditions will also cause according to the same source, severe droughts which will turn â€Å"farmland to dust bowls and forests to ashes. † (Strip,2004) Food shortages could arise from animal diseases, like the mad-cow disease, which caused a global meat shortage in 1996, and affected mainly the Great Britain, where people have died from consuming the meat coming from infected animals. Same situation has happened with chicken and pork later in the decade. A major issue nowadays is the price of oil.In a global economy heavily relying on amerce, import and export, the price of oil could have a significant impact on the cost of production. Some countries are seriously affected and decide to drop the production for essential foods, since its cost could become higher than the selling price. While some countries, usually developing countries, are strugglin g to survive on a low food supply, dealing with starvation and diseases, others might as well have an overage in production of basic food. We can analyze these countries' food overage from a humanitarian and ethical perspective, depending on what their decision is regarding the surplus.How many countries decide to distribute their overage to unprivileged nations, and how many simply dispose of the extra production? Great Britain for instance, estimates that more than 30% of their food is thrown away and thus UK might be the worst in the world for waste. The cost of the wasted food is estimated to be between 8 and 16 billion pounds a year. (Vidal, 2005) This is Just an example of how food is wasted in some countries or Just individually in certain households. In the context of long time food crisis around the world, this waste is highly unethical and shows low commitment to the global welfare.

Essay on Got Teeth Dental Implants - 1994 Words

For the past two and a half years I have been working as a Periodontal Assistant accommodating two doctors. Combined, both doctors have over thirty years experience within the field of Periodontics. The field of Periodontics focuses predominately on the prevention, treatment, and maintenance of periodontal disease. Treatment of periodontal disease, commonly is managed by; the removal of excessive tissue, bone and tissue grafts, and extraction of problem teeth. However, at our practice, we not only manage periodontal disease, but replace missing teeth with dental implants. Dental implants are an alternative to other restoratives like bridges and dentures. On an ideal day, we place about five to ten implants; and the overall†¦show more content†¦The healing time for the implant is crucial because the implant â€Å"fuses with the jawbone through a process called osseointegration† (Dental Implants). The surface of the implant itself is vital in the osseointegratio n process. As a result, several â€Å"trial and error† tests have been conducted over the past several decades in determining the most ideal surface. According to a studies review by; Gupta, Dhanraj, and Sivagami, a â€Å"sandblasted and acid etched† surface produces the best results when integrating. Sandblasting is a method that produces a â€Å"rough† texture on the implants surface; while acid etching â€Å"leads to micro-texturizing and cleaning† (Gupta, Dhanraj, and Sivagami). Now that we know how implants achieve durability and stability, lets compare to materials mainly used in bridges. Bridges are commonly comprised of the following; porcelain fused to metal, gold alloys, or base metal alloys. Porcelain fused to metal is often most peoples choice when it comes to bridges because, its a financially conservative cosmetic material. According to an ADA table titled; Indirect Restorative Dental Materials; a porcelain fused to metal bridge is ex tremely visually unappealing due to the visible metal portion close to the gum-line. Additionally porcelain fused to metal bridges are more capable of fracturing and wearing down opposing teeth over time. Unlike bridges, implants are not only â€Å"built toShow MoreRelatedHave You Ever Been In Dental Limbo?..... Who Do I Go To?1625 Words   |  7 PagesHave you ever been in dental limbo?..... Who do I go to? Am I going to a good dentist? Are they in my insurance plan? Will they treat me well? Over the past few years, I felt like I was on a dental quest after my long-time dentist retired. I never realized that it would be that hard to find another dentist who met my strict requirements - clean sanitary office, friendly, helpful sincere office staff , and, the most important factor, a great dentist who not only treats you with respect, listensRead MoreCure Tooth Decay : Heal And Prevent Cavities With Nutrition1365 Words   |  6 PagesAbout seven months ago, I walked out of a dental office with a pretty serious quote for dental work that was needed to be done on 8 different cavities they found in my teeth. I was confused. I eat a pretty good diet. How could my teeth have cavities? I brush and I floss every day. How could this happen? I told my dentist that I had heard about the â€Å"remineralization† of teeth and even curing tooth decay and cavities with certain staples in your diet, and asked him his opinion on the subject. Of courseRead MoreCase - Dr. Beckett’s Dental Office2477 Words   |  10 Pagesrange of dental care from simple teeth cleaning to complicated dental surgery and implants. 1.1.2 Price The practice is no member of one of the HMOs, because Dr. Beckett was not of the opinion that she could provide the level of service she wanted, at the reimbursements given by the HMO. Therefore she offers now her dental services at a higher price, but therefore also at a higher quality. 1.1.3 Promotion The practice does with 2000 â€Å"active† patients very well, at the moment. Dr. Beckett got her patientsRead MoreFluoridation Of Drinking Water Fluoridation Is A Great Case Of Clinical Perception Prompting Epidemiologic Examination And Group Based General1756 Words   |  8 Pagesflouridation of drinking water to prevent dental caries , family planning and so on . Body Let us see about the two major events that played a major role in the public health along with the evolution of science .They are Flouridation of Drinking water and Family planning . FLUORIDATION OF DRINKING WATER Fluoridation of group drinking water is a main consideration in charge of the decrease in dental caries (tooth rot) . The historical backdropRead MoreDetection And Treatment Of Malocclusions And Other Dental Deformities2362 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract Detection and treatment of malocclusions and other dental deformities are a considerable field of work in the plan of orthodontic treatment. Severe malformations of the midface such as maxillary or mandibular deformity can be treated by the distraction and reformation of skull bones. During an operation, the appropriate bony part of the mid-face is separated from the rest of the skull (osteotomy), slowly moved into the ideal position by way of a distraction device. In the current clinicalRead MoreDna Analysis And Identification Of Missing Bodies Essay3299 Words   |  14 Pagesidentification of putrefied bodies is a common task in forensic routine work. The identification of human corpse is usually carried out by comparing ante mortem and post mortem data such as external features like scars, tattoos and fingerprints, medical implants or old injuries etc which is specific to every individual. However, there are cases when these methods fail and Genetic Identification may be the only alternative left. DNA can be extracted from all the body tissues, but it is of great concernRead MoreJob Shadowing a Dentist3438 Words   |  14 Pagesentirety of their mouth. They need a dentist to stop the anguish. Luckily, dentistry offices are located in almost all communities throughout the nation which makes it more convenient for someone to go get his or her teeth checked out. Dentists work with areas of the mouth including the teeth, gums, and other tissues. Dentistry is absolutely essential for maintaining overall health and well-being. And, believe me, they can relieve the excruciating pain of a toothache. The art of dentistry has rootsRead MoreThe Importance of Having Health Insurance2385 Words   |  9 Pagesand surgical expenses. If a person were to lose an arm or a leg, insurance would help pay for the cost of a prosthetic or surgery to repair the arm or leg. Most insurance companies offer subsidies such as vision and dental plans to assist with anything in regards to your eyes or teeth. There are a very few insurance companies that do offer a hearing plan, but most of those companies are private insurance companies. (Gandal)So, what about a person that is born with hearing loss or loses their hearingRead MoreCeramics in the Medical Field2984 Words   |  12 PagesBio-safe materials are non-toxic and non-inflammatory as to avoid rejection from the body. Where the bioactivity is how it reacts to biological material and processes. Typically ceramics have been used in surgical replacements such as bones and teeth. These ceramics must be designed and optimized in order to per form in the body’s aggressive internal environment. Newer ceramics are being researched in order to improve structure, functionality, and life expectancy. Some ceramics like calciumRead MoreFlorence Nightingale: a Leader in Nursing2367 Words   |  10 PagesShe believed that deficiencies in these five factors produce illness or a decline in health. Florence Nightingale played an important role in the Crimean War (1854-1856) by recruiting female nurses to provide care to the sick and injured. When she got there she was mortified by the conditions of the hospital and the way in which the soldiers were being looked after; most of them died from sickness due to the hospitals conditions rather than battle wounds. Nightingale and her nurses were able to transform